Criminal Justice Wedding Cake

The criminal equity wedding cake is a chart to show the significance of a wrongdoing and where it would be sorted. There are four layers on the cake that connote every one of the significant sorts of violations: (1) misdeeds, (2) less genuine lawful offenses, (3) genuine crimes, and (4) praised cases. Likewise, the size of these layers relies upon the significance of the wrongdoings, with offenses being the biggest and at the base and the commended cases being at the top and the littlest layer. The base and biggest layer of the criminal equity wedding cake relates to the misdemeanors.A wrongdoing is a lesser wrongdoing and the individual being rebuffed is given either a fine or a couple of long stretches of detainment relying upon the sort of wrongdoing carried out. Offenses run from various things from a belonging charge to a minor petty criminal offense, similar to an attempt at manslaughter mishap with another person’s vehicle. Be that as it may, it relies on the express th at these offenses are recorded as wrongdoings. The following layer would comprise of the less genuine lawful offenses. These are typically dedicated by first time offenders.Some of the cases incorporate little thefts of a low dollar esteem without any weapons included or something as straightforward as a battle that finished with ambush charges. More often than not, contingent upon the severance of the case, these crimes are not managed like they ought to be. The disciplines for these kinds of cases are things like probation or home detainment. The third layer of the criminal equity wedding cake would incorporate the more genuine lawful offenses. A portion of these wrongdoings would comprise of murders, high dollar thefts that included weapons, for example, bank heists or home intrusions, or a probation violation.These lawful offenses are paid attention to very and they regularly require a base sentence of in any event one year in jail. At the extremely top of the cake rests the pra ised cases. These cases are the prominent cases and they pull in a great deal of media consideration. The individuals associated with them can incorporate somebody popular, or exceptionally well off, as OJ Simpson, Martha Stewart, and Lindsey Lohan. Commended cases can likewise be somebody obscure who carried out an improper wrongdoing like a sequential executioner, or just in light of the fact that they draw in the media.

Texting vs. Drinking While Driving

Kameron Colley Maribeth Farr English 101 October 3, 2012 Texting While Driving versus Drinking While Driving Texting and drinking while at the same time driving are intense. Many negative things can be maintained a strategic distance from by somebody deciding to settle on the correct choices. While driving the individual's full focus ought to be centered around the street and environmental factors ahead. An individual never realized what could occur while driving. Messaging while at the same time driving are comparative since the two of them have outcomes, are an interruption, and can be lethal. The main way messaging and drinking while at the same time driving are comparative is on the grounds that the two of them have consequences.If somebody is messaging while at the same time driving they are expanding the chance of killing themselves as well as of killing another person. On the off chance that somebody is found messaging and driving, the official in control is answerable for giv ing them a ticket or fine. Additionally, focuses will be separated against their driver's licenses. On the off chance that somebody is found driving impaired, the official in control is required to capture the driver. When they are in care a fine will be given, liquor classes are booked, and the individual's drivers permit will be suspended or revoked.The outcomes can without much of a stretch be maintained a strategic distance from by deciding to settle on the correct choices. The results behind messaging and drinking while at the same time driving ought not be trifled with. The second way messaging and drinking while at the same time driving are comparable is on the grounds that they are both an interruption from driving. While messaging and driving the individual is giving more consideration to their telephone than the street. The normal instant message takes an individual's eyes off the street for a normal of five seconds. This implies they are driving indiscriminately, ignorant of their environmental factors expanding their odds of wrecking.Drinking while at the same time driving is a genuine peril not exclusively to the individual driving, yet the individuals encompassing them. Drinking while at the same time driving is an interruption on the grounds that the individual is intellectually shaky. This causes the individual not to be fit for driving. The measure of mind action that is centered around driving is decreased in light of the fact that they can't concentrate on their environmental factors. Deciding not to content or drink while driving expands your capacity to focus out and about. The interruption behind messaging and drinking while at the same time driving is something individuals should consider before deciding to settle on a choice that could be dangerous.The last way messaging and drinking while at the same time driving are comparative is on the grounds that the two of them can be deadly. At the point when an individual is messaging and drivi ng they are not totally centered around the street. This could cause them not to see the individual, vehicle, or article before them. Drinking while at the same time driving can be lethal on the grounds that the individual is intellectually uninformed of the street or their environmental factors. An individual being intellectually temperamental expands their odds of destroying. How might somebody feel realizing that they could of forestalled the mishap. They could of shielded from ending somebody's life or their own by simply adhering to the law and making the correct decisions.Fatality is something that can be handily forestalled if individuals would just decide to not content and drink while driving. Messaging and drinking while at the same time driving are comparable in light of the fact that the two of them have outcomes, are an interruption, and can be lethal. An individual isn't fit for focusing out and about while messaging and drinking while at the same time driving. Numerou s disaster areas, wounds, and fatalities are brought about by messaging and drinking while at the same time driving ordinary. Just if individuals would decide to settle on the correct choices, the disaster areas could without much of a stretch be kept away from.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 15th, 2017

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The End Of Remembering, And Paulo Freire - 844 Words

Do you consider yourself to have a great memory or do you consider yourself to have a bad memory? Can you remember more than four phone numbers and more than three immediate family members birthdays without using any technology? If you cannot answer those simple questions than maybe you should reconsider on working on your memorization side of your brain. Joshua Foer, the author of The End of Remembering, and Paulo Freire, author of The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education, both write about how important memory is in the world today. In Foer’s passage he states that before paper, books, and modern technology people were expected to remember any piece of information that was given to them. Now people rely on anything that could record information so they would not have to remember it or worry about forgetting. He believes that technology is running our memory. However in Freire’s passage he states that memorizing decontextualizes and is unrelated to present conditi ons, but memory can concrete conditions of our daily lives. The importance of memory and its functions in the world today is that it lets a person find self-identity, prevents shallow base of knowledge, and sets values. Memory provides a sense of personal identity. Memories that were made from the past create the person that they have become today. It helps to ground judgments and with reasoning. As an illustration, one day a young girl was shopping at the mall with a group of friends and they deiced to steal a cuteShow MoreRelatedStory Nursing Theory1552 Words   |  7 Pagesself-in-relation. This is defined as â€Å"an active process of recognizing self as related with others in a developing story plot uncovered through intentional dialogue.† (Smith Liehr, 1999) Creating ease is the third concept. It is defined as â€Å"remembering disjointed story moments to experience flow in the midst of anchoring.† (Smith Liehr, 1999) These definitions are fairly simple and concise. Although self-in-relation is a new term coined by the theorists, like intentional dialogue and creatingRead MoreHow Education Can Be Taught Through The Education System1803 Words   |  8 Pageseducation and would have my classmates and I copy down notes from the board without much detail of what they were teaching. For this very reason, I did not like school. There is a quote by Paulo Freire which says, â€Å"The more completely she fills the receptacles, the better teacher she is.† To my understanding, Freire is trying to convey to the readers that the more the student allows himself to take in knowledge, the better student he will be, which perfectly describes my point of view. However, theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesBRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Acquisitions Editor: Kim Norbuta Editorial Project Manager: Claudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Marketing Manager:

Of Mice And Men And The Five People You Meet - 1083 Words

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† and â€Å"The Five People you Meet in Heaven† literary analysis Characterization and symbolism throughout the two books Of Mice and Men and The Five People you Meet in Heaven incorporate the theme brothers keeper. A brothers keeper is someone who looks over and protects one and other, in other words a guardian angel. The main character in The Five People you Meet in Heaven Eddie s life is turned around on his birthday when he is killed and put into heaven where he meets five people who dramatically impact his life. In the novel Of Mice and Men George and Lennie, two friends who depend on each other through the hard times of the Great Depression try to achieve their American Dream, with many hardships getting in the way.†¦show more content†¦This action that The Blue Man did resulted in him becoming Eddies keeper because he sacrificed his own life so Eddie would not die. The Blue Man made this sacrifice for a reason; to keep Eddie alive because his life would affect people in a positive and negative way. The author also portrays the heave n through The Blue Mans eyes when he mentions this quote because he wants the readers to know that sacrifice is a main theme in this book, which shows how the Blue Man s lessons is directed towards Eddie’s lesson as well. The author Mitch Albom incorporates sacrifice which is a big part of being a brothers keeper in The Five People you Meet in Heaven. Eddie was in war for a short period of time, during this time The Captain becomes his keeper because he shot himself in the leg to protect Eddie, as a captain he should have done this. He teaches him that grieving is the only way out of a tough situation, similar to the one he is in. Eddie does not recognize the reasoning behind why he did what he did. The Captain explains to Eddie, Sacrifice, you made one. I made one. We all make them. But you are angry over yours. You kept thinking about what you lost†¦ You didn’t get it. Sacrifice is a part of life. (Albom 93). By doing this it shows his bravery, loyalty and companionship towards Eddie. He shot Eddie in the leg so Eddie would not die in the burning tent. Even though he sacrificed his life for Eddies he was

The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era a Critical Perspective Free Essays

Introduction The post-Cold War era saw the end of the simple bipolarity in international affairs, and the redistribution of power in the international system resulted in the revision of classic concepts of war, power, security and conflict. The new agenda for economic development of the poorest regions and their political integration in a globalizing world, led to an increased role of non-governmental organisations in foreign affairs (Cox, 2003; 2008; Baylis Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005; Strange, 2002). With globalization, the capacity of the state was undermined, and transnational corporations and global firms became the landmarks of a new world order, which some labelled as post-democracy (Crouch, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era: a Critical Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the age of post-democracy, the debate around the reorganization of power in the international system and the sustainability of the main continuities in US foreign policy such as trade liberalization and democratization became a question of new debate (Nye, 1990; Strange, 2002; Cox, 2003; 2008). The question whether the United States was going to preserve its economic and political primacy in a much more complex world divided experts, and existing theories of imperialism clashed with newly emerged visions of a multilateral world, where influence and resources are shared among a relatively strong America, and emerging Asian powers. This short essay will critically examine the influence of the United States in the post Cold War world, and will explore whether the demise of the American dream for political and economic freedom is really on its way. This will be observed in the context of US foreign policy. Research question This essay will explore whether the American dream and its replications in foreign policy is in its demise in the post-Cold War era. It will defend the view, that despite the rising powers from Asia and the political and military capabilities of Russia, Israel and Iran, the American continuities in foreign policy remain resilient and to a large extent – sustainable in a multi-polar world. In order to do this, the author has decided to look at two specific tenets of US foreign policy and their sustainability as factors in global politics – economic trade liberalism and democratization. Both of them will be discussed separately. First, the author will briefly mention the replications of the American dream in foreign policy. The American dream re-examined – the foreign policy dimension The American dream largely reflects the American values, embedded in the ideas of social equality for all people and economic freedom. Its replications in foreign policy have had two shapes – one is economic trade liberalization, and the other one is the spread of democracy. In the post Cold War era, theories related to the contested powers of the United States permeated the political discourse, and the ubiquity of the American influence in the world became a topic of discussion. According to Gowan (2008), one of the characteristic traits of American foreign policy has been the preservation of its capitalist policies, through the spread of liberal values all over the world. He argues that despite the rise of Asian powers, the US has managed to maintain its â€Å"world empire image† (347) through the sustainability of American dominated free market and institutions. The result of this post-Cold War strategy is the increasing political influence of the US in military and security issues. In sum, the American dream in foreign policy in the post-Cold War period can be looked at on two levels – one is economic and is related with the ever expanding policies of trade liberalism. The other one is related to growing political power, stemming from t he preservation of American controlled markets. For the purposes of this essay, both will be examined. The American economic liberalism in the new era In this section, it will not be sufficient to explore only the American macroeconomic performance after the end of the post Cold War. First, we need to briefly highlight the ideological tenets, on which this performance rests. The ideology, which has shaped the US performance since WWII is related to economic liberalism, free trade and cooperation, for the purposes of sustaining a capitalist model of production (Gowan, 2008; Brown, 2005 Cox, 2003; 2008). It rests on the image of liberal values and openness, which the US embraced during its expansion in Latin America in the 19th century. This image, described by some as American exceptionalism (Hunt, 1987; Levy, 2001) has remained continuity in US foreign policy, despite the changing conditions of the external political environment. The idea of open trade, dynamic industries and multi-lateral trade relations are all tenets of the perpetuating image of the United States as a key player in trade and economics, and a proponent of capital ism. Although it is argued whether this consistency has revolved around economic multilateralism, mercantilism or neo-imperialism (Wallerstein, 2003; Gowan, 2008), its perpetuation in international affairs is undisputed. Despite the global recession and the rising Asian powers, the US has preserved its position as one of the leading powers in the global economy. Official figures for American gross domestic product show that since 1994, the American economy has grown at a significantly faster rate than other main advanced economies such as the Eurozone and Japan (Gowan, 2008). Growth declined sharply in 2001 and 2002 but recovered shortly after, and before the recession, figures show that the US total share in the global economic output has grown to 49.6 per cent (Gowan, 2008:351). With the global recession, the American economic ideology was challenged, and the supremacy of the dollar as the world currency – put to question because of issues related with mounting trade deficits and foreign debt. However, at present America remains one of the largest actors in the global economy, because of its ascending productivity, increasing competitiveness and domineering trade relations. Undisputedly and despite the global economic conditions, the American market will always be attractive for capitalisms from the rest of the world, because of its enormous size (Gowan, 2008; Dam, 2004; Verdier, 1994). This would perpetually encourage other economic powers from Asia and Latin America for example, to accept â€Å"American-centred economic regimes† (Gowan, 2008: 353). Also, the tangible American presence in the international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, makes the US a dominant power in terms of development economics and recovery. In this sense, the ideology and the structural characteristics of American capitalism have succeeded in a post-Cold war world, and despite the challenges ahead, at present the US remains a leading economic power. Democratization and the United States As the previous section briefly outlined, despite the formidable challenges on the global horizon, which the US faces, it has managed to preserve its economic position in the world. This economic position, however, is not simply the result of the rise of American capitalism within the world economy, but also of the political rise of the American values and the ability of the US to use its political power and influence in a globalizing world (Gowan, 2008). Authors such as Wallerstein (2003) and Gowan (2008) suggest that the US has managed to reshape the ideas of world peace and cooperation, through the historic preservation of its capitalist ideal. Also, the attempts to export democracy (Chua, 2004) and democratic values in many parts of the developing world have led to the widespread influence of the United States. Some are willing to speculate, that this was a devised strategy, designed to sustain the position of the United States as a leading political power (Cox, 2003). What was l abelled as neo-imperialism or the spread of American values through the use of â€Å"soft power† (Cox, 2003; Nye, 1990) is one of the main reasons, why the United States is likely to keep its place in the international system in the decades to come. The American democratic model has been exported to Africa, the Middle East and Latin America and despite the criticisms related to its implementation, it has served as a means for the preservation of the American position in foreign affairs. Conclusion This essay has attempted to show, that despite the challenges on the US foreign policy agenda, its influence in the international system remains significant. Therefore it would be exaggerated to say that the American dream is a reminiscence of the political past. The most powerful manifestations of the perpetuating American presence in foreign affairs are related to economic liberalism and political exports, such as democracy, human rights, and social equality. In the post-Cold war period, the United States has continued to spread its influence, and has largely remained at the centre of international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In terms of political governance, the American formula remains uncontested. America’s greatest export commodity – democracy – has established a sphere of influence in the developing world, where the American presence will remain strong, at least for several decades to come. Whether one will take the mercanlitist, multilateralist or imperialist approach to understanding America’s future role in the world is less relevant compared to the fact that the United States remains an important element in a shared world leadership, where the swing of China and Russia towards capitalism, and the rise of a global civil society, have already shifted the balance of power in a totally different direction. Bibliography: Baylis, J. Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan, Ch. 6, pp. 106-123 Chua, A. (2004) â€Å"Our Most Dangerous export†, Guardian, Saturday, February 28 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/28/globalisation.iraq Cox, M. (2003) â€Å"Empire’s Back in Town. Or America’s Imperial Temptation – Again†. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. ISSN 0305-8298. Vol.32, No.1, pp. 1-27 Cox, M. Stokes, D. (2008) â€Å"Introduction: US Foreign Policy- Past, Present and Future†, in US Foreign Policy, Cox, M. and Stokes, D. (eds), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3-23 Crouch, C. (2004) Post – Democracy, Polity Press Dam, K.W. (2004) The Rules of the Global Game: A New Look at US International Economic Policymaking, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Gowan, P. (2008) â€Å"Global Economy†, in US Foreign Policy, Michael Cox Doug Stokes (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 336-350 Hunt, M. (1987) Ideology and US Foreign Policy. Yale University Press Levy, S.M. (2001). American Exceptionalism and US Foreign Policy. Palgrave, New York Nye, J. S. (1990) ‘Soft power’, Foreign Policy (electronic source), issue 80 (Fall), pp.153-71. Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and McGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Verdier, D. (1994) Democracy and International Trade, Princeton: Princeton University Press Wallerstein, I. (2003) Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization London: Verso How to cite The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era: a Critical Perspective, Essay examples

Start to design Essay Example For Students

Start to design Essay Having completed my identify and analysis I now need to start to design what the presentation will actually look like. I have decided to do three initial design ideas, all different from each other and then ask the English rep which one he prefers and if there are any other things he would like included. Below are my three initial design ideas: Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 After designing these three initila ideas I e-mialed them to the enhlish rep and asked for his feedback on the designs, and which one he would prefer me to develop. He said: Unfortunately I dont like the first design, the colours dont look good together and are not evry good on the eye. I also dont like the whole border as I feel it reduces the amount of space to display information. I dont think this is a good design. However the second design is a lot more attractive, it is simple but also looks good. I like the half border as it gives it a proffesional look. I also like the way that information can be displeyed. The blue and white colours are also suitable. We will write a custom essay on Start to design specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The third design is also nice and I like the effects of the background colours, howvere I feel it is a little bare and I would prefer it if there was a border as it gives itn a better look. I also feel that this restiricts there to only being one way of presenting the information which may not be suitable. He also said: Overall I prefer the second design the most for reasons I have already stated. I think you should develop this, I feel that this initial design developed more would look very good. Another important part of this presentation is the font that is used, I am going to use the same font all the way through the project. As I feel this is an important part of the presentation I decided to do a short surveya amongst people at school and they voted on which font they preffered the best. I then put these results into a graph which will clearly show the findings. The five fonts people voted on were: A- Arial B- Auntumn C- Boulder D- Sharp E- Eurostar I choose five designs which I think would look quite good I then gave these too my fellow classmates and I received the following results: From this graph I can infer that most people preffered the Sharp font, I also liked this design so I am going to use it as the font for my presentation. When I received these results I checked it out with the English rep and he said that he also liked this font style and that it would be good to use. The next thing I need to do is to design my menu structure, this is to show in which ways the screens can be navigated. It will be operated from a main menu and all screens will be reached from there. All screens will also contain a button where the user can return to the main menu. I will also have a title screen that will link straight to the menu. Now I have decided on a design and a font to use I am going to design the final presentation. I am going to show the designs for each of the sections, however I will only design the slide showing information about zones once because all the slides are identiacal looking excpet the information in them changes. I will use the design from my initial design and then devlop this. I will annotate what I have done by the side. Slide 1- Title Screen Also I will have transition effects on this slide. These will be that the images and writing appear automatically. I will have all the boxes appearing on fly mode meaning, they appear on the screen at a set time. I have also put tiem settings on so that each piece of information comes up every second. The information will work down so the thems park name will appear first, the the logo, then the next tetx then the continue butoon. Once this has all appered the user will be able to click on the continue button. The border and mini logo in the corner will be on the screen at the start, this will be the same for every slide. .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .postImageUrl , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:visited , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:active { border:0!important; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:active , .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2 .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1890d298d747c3f2f1a735dad4f8ada2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Designing a Flexible Web-Based Reading Environment EssaySlide 2- Main Menu This is the screen where the whoel presentation is run from, it has links to every screen. Below is the final design for the menu: I will also have transition effects on this slide the logo and border will appear, then all the zones will appear, then one second later the other areas will appear, this gives the display a proffesional look and will alos give time for the user to read everything. I have made hyperlinks on all the text so that when the user clicks on them it takes them to that screen.

The Chosen-Comparison of Christianity and Hasidism essays

The Chosen-Comparison of Christianity and Hasidism essays In The Chosen by Chaim Potok, the once separate communities of the Hasidic and Orthodox Jews come into close contact with another when two boys of each religion become close friends. While both religions have some practices and customs in common, they are very different in a lot of ways. The Hasidic religion especially has unique customs and practices, some of them strengths and some of them weaknesses. My own religion, Christianity is in some ways similar to Hasidim and in a lot of ways very different. The Hasidic religion is very unique in its nature mostly because of its extreme devoutness. Very few religions have had the fervor of this group. Such practices include keeping the kosher laws, which can be found in the Old Testament. They take this practice so serious, and will not eat at non-Hasidics houses. This can be seen through a conversation between Danny and Reuven. Reuven says to Danny, You can live with us. No you cant. You wont eat at our house. (257) Hasidics also go through extensive readings of the Talmud on a daily basis. Their outward appearance is even influenced by their religion. They grow out their hair on the sides of their faces right near their ears in curls. They always wear a skullcap and clad shoes, and they can be seen in a suit and jacket even in everyday activities. This can be shown through Reuvens portrayal of Hasidic teenagers playing baseball. There were fifteen of them, and they dressed alike in white shirts, dark pants, white sweaters, and small black skull caps. In the fashion of the very Orthodox, their hair was closely cropped, except for the area right near their ears from which mushroomed the untouched hair that tumbled down into the long side curls. Some of them had the beginnings of beards, straggly tufts of hair that stood in isolated clumps on their chins, jawbones, and upper lips. They all wore the traditional undergarment beneath their shirts, and t...

Defining Racial Prejudice

Defining Racial Prejudice Words such as racism, prejudice, and stereotype are often used interchangeably. While the definitions of these terms overlap, they actually mean different things. Racial prejudice, for instance, typically arises from race-based stereotypes. People of influence who prejudge others set the stage for institutional racism to occur. How does this happen? This overview of what racial prejudice is, why it’s dangerous and how to combat prejudice explains in detail. Defining Prejudice It’s difficult to discuss prejudice without clarifying what it is. The fourth edition of the American Heritage College Dictionary provides four meanings for the term- from â€Å"an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts† to â€Å"irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race or religion.† Both definitions apply to the experiences of ethnic minorities in Western society. Of course, the second definition sounds much more menacing than the first, but prejudice in either capacity has the potential to cause a great deal of damage. Likely because of his skin color, English professor and writer Moustafa Bayoumi says that strangers often ask him, â€Å"Where are you from?† When he answers that he was born in Switzerland, grew up in Canada and now lives in Brooklyn, he raises eyebrows. Why? Because the people doing the questioning have a preconceived idea about what Westerners generally and Americans particularly look like. They’re operating under the (erroneous) assumption that natives of the United States don’t have brown skin, black hair or names that aren’t English in origin. Bayoumi acknowledges that the people suspicious of him typically don’t â€Å"have any real malice in mind.† Still, they allow prejudice to guide them. While Bayoumi, a successful author, has taken the questions about his identity in stride, others deeply resent being told that their ancestral origins make them less American than others. Prejudice of this nature may not only lead to psychological t rauma but also to racial discrimination. Arguably no group demonstrates this more than Japanese Americans. Prejudice Begets Institutional Racism When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S. public viewed Americans of Japanese descent suspiciously. Although many Japanese Americans had never stepped foot in Japan and knew only of the country from their parents and grandparents, the notion spread that the Nisei (second-generation Japanese Americans) were more loyal to the Japanese empire than to their birthplace- the United States. Acting with this idea in mind, the federal government decided to round up more than 110,000 Japanese Americans and place them in internment camps for fear that they would team up with Japan to plot additional attacks against the United States. No evidence suggested that Japanese Americans would commit treason against the U.S. and join forces with Japan. Without trial or due process, the Nisei were stripped of their civil liberties and forced into detention camps. The case of Japanese-American internment is one of the most egregious cases of racial prejudice leading to institutiona l racism. In 1988, the U.S. government issued a formal apology to Japanese Americans for this shameful chapter in history. Prejudice and Racial Profiling After the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, Japanese Americans worked to prevent Muslim Americans from being treated how the Nisei and Issei were during World War II. Despite their efforts, hate crimes against Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim or Arab rose following the terrorist attacks. Americans of Arab origin face particular scrutiny on airlines and airports. On the tenth anniversary of 9/11, an Ohio housewife of Arab and Jewish background named Shoshanna Hebshi made international headlines after accusing Frontier Airlines of removing her from a flight simply because of her ethnicity and because she happened to be seated next to two South Asian men. She says that she never left her seat, spoke to other passengers or tinkered with suspicious devices during the flight. In other words, her removal from the plane was without warrant. She’d been racially profiled. â€Å"I believe in tolerance, acceptance and trying–as hard as it sometimes maybe–not to judge a person by the color of their skin or the way they dress,† she stated in a blog post. â€Å"I admit to having fallen to the traps of convention and have made judgments about people that are unfounded. †¦The real test will be if we decide to break free from our fears and hatred and truly try to be good people who practice compassion–even toward those who hate.† The Link Between Racial Prejudice and Stereotypes Prejudice and race-based stereotypes work hand in hand. Due to the pervasive stereotype that an all-American person is blonde and blue-eyed (or at the very least white), those who don’t fit the bill- such as Moustafa Bayoumi- are prejudged to be foreign or â€Å"other.† Never mind that this characterization of an all-American more aptly describes the Nordic population than individuals who are indigenous to the Americas or the diverse groups that make up the United States today. Combating Prejudice Unfortunately, racial stereotypes are so prevalent in Western society that even the very young exhibit signs of prejudice. Given this, it’s inevitable that the most open-minded of individuals will have a prejudiced thought on occasion. One needn’t act on prejudice, however. When President George W. Bush addressed the Republican National Convention in 2004, he called on schoolteachers not to give in to their preconceived ideas about students based on race and class. He singled out the principal of Gainesville Elementary School in Georgia for â€Å"challenging the soft bigotry of low expectations.†Ã‚  Although poor Hispanic children made up most of the student body, 90 percent of pupils there passed state tests in reading and math. â€Å"I believe every child can learn,† Bush said. Had school officials decided that the Gainesville students couldn’t learn because of their ethnic origin or socioeconomic status, institutional racism would have been the likely result. Administrators and teachers would not have worked to give the student body the best education possible, and Gainesville could’ve become yet another failing school. This is what makes prejudice such a threat.

The Results of Safety Training at the Moline Plant and Recommendations Essay

The Results of Safety Training at the Moline Plant and Recommendations for Future Trainings - Essay Example As the research discovers the tendency of decrease of safety incidents was slowed down in the middle of the evaluation period, which corresponds to our pre-training expectations. In this regard, one of the most important factors that contributed to the mentioned positive trend from the very beginning of the evaluation period was the high level of employee`s motivation in relation to observance of safety rules, confirmed by the questionnaires distributed in the beginning, in the middle, and in the end of the evaluation period. The decline in the level of employee`s motivation in relation to observance of safety rules was marked in the middle of the evaluation period, which correlates with the slowed decrease of safety incidents. In this regard, the important conclusion can be drawn that for safety trainings to remain maximally effective for prolonged periods of time, they should be integrally incorporated into the work process at the Moline plant in the future. This paper stresses that building on the above-mentioned considerations, some relevant recommendations can be made as to the ways to achieve the most effective inclusion of regular safety trainings, and safety culture as such as well, to the work process at the Moline plant. Firstly, the practice of involvement of contract trainers has had mixed results and should be reevaluated. As a matter of fact, two of the four trainers received relatively low ratings from the students.

Behavior Modification treatment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Behavior Modification treatment - Research Paper Example Behavior modification is currently considered to be an alternative intervention to cure adolescents and children from different kinds of mental disorders, such as behavioral deviation, e.g. hyperactivity disorder. Deficit hyperactivity disorder is currently treated with the help of medication (placebo, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 mg/kg), medication stimulation or behavior modification. In case these two types of treatment are combined, children perform better during classes and hyperactivity disorder is being gradually attenuated (Ansari, Gouthro, Ahmad & Steel, 1996). In accordance with the studies by Blotcky et al (1984) and Pfeiffer and Strzelecki (1990) inpatient treatment is effective. These scientists have identified a number of positive indices signifying disease treatment progress. These are: intelligence improvement, non-organic and nonpsychotic diagnoses, reduction of antisocial features, patients’ involvement in after care and specialized treatment programs. It is possible to illustrate behavior modification treatment by the case study from the Nova Scotia Hospital, Princess Alexandra Unit. In the context of a token economy (BMP) punitive and positive consequences are applied to adolescents aged 12-18 years old. Behavioral program lasted for eight weeks. Patients with behavioral conduct disorder, deficit of attention disorder, hyperactivity syndrome and adjustment disorder were chosen for this program. There was made an attempt to strengthen positive behavior. It was necessary to introduce positive compensation and rewards for positive behavioral changes. Another option was to introduce negative reinforcement, which was directed on strengthening of a positive behavior while having avoided negative behavioral consequences (Bijou & Ruà ­z, 1981). A practical implementation of these strategies can be illustrated in the following way: the first and foremost step is to identify an inappropriate behavior of children.

Design For Manufacturing And Assembly

Design For Manufacturing And Assembly A design process that focuses on meeting customer requirements meanwhile balancing the important aspects such as cost, quality and performance is Dfma. DFMA is an abbreviation for Design for manufacturing and assembly. It a software comprised of various principles or methods when used properly will improve the ability of design to be easily manufactured and assembled thereby decreasing the costs. This system can be divided into three major sections. The first is the raw material. Choosing the right material is the foundation of a good design. Second is the machines and processes used to work the raw material. The right process is essential for creating finished parts that will meet your design requirements. Third is the assembly of the product. It is during the assembly of the finished product that provides the greatest opportunity to apply DFMA principles. The proper use of DFMA principles will allow one to design a quality product. DFMA follows an exacting design review method It identifies the following features: -Optimal part design of the product. -Material choice. -Assembly and fabrication operations to produce an efficient and cost effective product It reveals that initial ideas may not be the most efficient in all the cases. It is a structured catalyst methodology used to analyze a design and generate ideas for further improvement. DFMA encourages concurrent engineering during product design so that product qualities exist in with both the designers and other members of the production team. It is a communication tool for the team. It is a bench marking tool. It defines the design and manufacturing capabilities of self and competitor It provides a non-threatening way to get people talking about a design without feeling like others are encroaching on their territory Einstein said â€Å" the best design is the simplest one that works â€Å". DFMA provides the cheapest way to that goal. Customer requirements and product specifications are useful for guiding the concept phase of product development. But during the later stages product design teams often have difficulty linking needs and specifications to the specific design issues. Due to this, many product design and development teams practice ‘Design for X (DFX) methodologies .The most common of these methodologies is Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA), which is an engineering philosophy used generally by design and manufacturing engineers that promotes simplifying parts and product designs to reduce production costs. Other (DFX) methodologies are DFD Design for Disassembly DFEMC Design for Electro Magnetic Compatibility DFR Design for Recycling DFE Design for the Environment DFS Design for Safety DFT Design for Test DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE: Design for manufacturing software follows a simple rule which states one can improve the efficiency of a product by minimizing the number of parts that have to be assembled so the cost of the product is efficient and easy to manufacture. This manufacturing approach is different from the traditional approach where a huge project is broken down in smaller parts (steps) and then these steps are assigned to various departments. These departments then work independently most of the time. The traditional approach enhances the specialization and functional job focus of the product devolpment. But the main drawback with the traditional approach is the market time plus various difficulties that arise in the manufacturing process. While designing a product lots of parameters have to be kept in mind ot of which that most important one which manufactures ask is can we build the product now that they have the product designed. A way to design a particular product is to make sure that the product maintenance is less, its reliable, time factor, its simple. Maintenance of a particular product shold be less or else it could cost a huge amount for maintenance. Reliability of a product is also a key factor because if the product fails consistently it makes little sense and thereby its a huge money waste to the organization. Speed is the another key factor in designing, if it take too long to make the product then it will have more and more competitors. Competitors control the market by releasing their product faster than fellow counterparts. Using few parts also increase the simplicity and saves money as well, more parts for a product increases the rate of complexity which can lead to malfunctioning of a product. The simpler the product is the fewer are its problems. Over the wall syndrome process was used before the use of DFMA process. Over the wall syndrome is a process where if an idea was generated in a company it would first have to be approved by the president of the company. It would then go then go to the manger of the process deign to be devolved into a product. If any problems would arise it would then be asked to redesign and then brought into the notice of the manager. The resolved problem would then be sent to the engineers where the work would continue where they left from. This process was a huge time consuming process because everyone is not situated in the same location and it would also take a lots of time to solve the problems. The total process sometimes could take year or more. The concept of design for manufacture was used to break these barriers and thereby reducing the time spent on designing the products. DESIGN FOR MANUCTURING has some advantages and disadvantages just like any other software. Firstly dfma tools dont take into consideration many manufacturing capabilities or tolerance. DFM has many computer based tools which nearly complete the design but when we analyze the design finally there are number of barriers which prevent substantial modification of the design.DFM uses too many tools which can increase the manufacturing costs of a product, its also gives very little feedback upon which to base the design modifications. One advantage with DFM it suggests the optimal assembly and the degree of automation. DFM can produce higher products yields through manufacturing. It also increases the performance and the predictability of the product yields.DFM analysis helps us to compare various materials and manufacturing process for the parts of the components. There is an increase in the performance and the cycle time is reduced enormously. DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY SOFTWARE Design for assembly can be defined as a analysis for improving the product design for a simplified and low cast assembly. Design for assembly main aim is to simplify the product so that the cost of assembly is reduced. By applying dfa we can also improve quality, reliability in the production equipment and the part inventory. G. boothroyd was the person who promoted the usage of DFA in the industry. The practice of dfma is a relatively recent development, but many companies have been following this process form a long time. For example, a company called general electric published its own internal manufacturing handbook as a set of guidelines for its engineers to follow. These guidelines had the same set of principle of DFA without actually distinguishing it from the rest of the product development process. Assembly methods can be divided into three different groups Manual assembly Automatic assembly Robotic assembly In manual assembly the work is mainly done manually parts are transferred from one work bench to another. Worker use different types of hand tools. This is one of the most flexible and the adaptable of the assembly methods methods. Automatic assembly follows a process where it consists of a custom built machine that assembles one and only a specific kind of a product. In this assembly large amount of investment is needed and as the production increases the total manufacturing costs decreases. These types of assembly can be only beneficial when a product is produced in bulk. Robotic assembly in this the assembly we use robotic systems. The robotic systems can take the form of a single robot or a multi station robot. Robotic assembly also involves huge capital costs. In robotic assembly the robots are normally controlled by computers, one company can have huge flexibility on different types of products in robot assembly Assembly methods are chosen by a company keeping two important parameters in mind ie time and costs. Relative costs of different assembly methods by type and production volume. Design for Assembly Vincent Chan and Filippo A. Salustri http://deed.ryerson.ca/~fil/t/dfmdfa.html Design for assembly is an experimental way to identify the unnecessary parts in a product and to determine its assembly time and costs. DFA is a software which gives the design engineers more tools to analyse various design concepts and therby creating innovative products with few and simpler parts. Using DFA software helps engineers to assess the costs of each part and then modify the product through part reduction concepts. The outcome of a DFA based design is a much well designed product with fewer parts which is both efficient and also easy to assemble. The benefits of a DFA based design are reduced part costs, improved quality and reliability, and shorter development cycles. DESIGN FOR ENVIORMENT: Design for environment is an idea of implementing various environmental friendly aspects to create a product. Design for environment helps a company to minimize the waste and also decrease the pollution thereby saving some money which can be used for other processes. Design for environment helps engineers at various stages of the manufacturing process. While selecting a manufacturing process for a product an engineer should also keep in mind various aspects such as amount of energy used, amount of energy released, process should be non toxic. These are all the various aspects an engineer also has to keep in mind other than manufacturing and assembly of the product. Dfma 2009 gives the design engineers an extra option in which they could conduct a environmental assessment during the concept stage. The analysis helps the designers to select a suitable material from the DFMA library that they prefer to use. Then the software reveals the various proportions of those materials in a particular product. It also estimates various other proportions like reuse, recycle, end of life destinations and landfill. All these measure help the company meet the requirements set up by ROHS. DESIGN FOR RECYCLING: Design for recycling en-cooperates methods such as recycling and recyclability of products to obtain recyclable products. Recycling is a process where a product or a raw material is recovered from waste stream and is reused as a raw material in the manufacturing process of a new product. When a part is recycled it does not affect or change the properties or the price of a particular product. Design for recyclability helps a manufacturing process to reduce the environmental impact of a material and by following design for recyclability large number of parts can be reused this thereby decrease the cost for raw material and thus decreasing the overall costs for manufacturing a product. DESIGN FOR SAFETY: Many companies use safety standards purely as guidelines. Although some safety equipments are costly the future savings make up for the cost invested. Safety production also helps the company in producing more. Safety also improves the morale of the worker which helps in the increase of production. The main aspects or the principles on which DFMA focus are: Raw materials Minimize the number of parts Minimize the number of fasteners Standardize Avoid difficult components Use modular subassemblies Use multifunctional parts Minimize reorientation Use self-locating features Avoid special tooling/test equipment Eliminate Interfaces Minimize operations process steps Part Interchangeability Design Tolerances to Meet Process Capability Determine Capabilities of each Process Step Design for Ease of Part Orientation for Assembly Eliminate Multiple Solder and Cleaning Steps Eliminate Adjustments DFMA Raw materials: Choosing the best raw material for the design is the first step in designing a world class product. There are many factors that need to be considered when choosing the best material for a design. At first the material must have the correct mechanical and chemical properties to meet the design criteria. Secondly when possible one should choose a standard material that is readily available. Using special materials may increase purchase price and lengthen deliveries. Third use near net parts whenever possible. The raw materials profile should be as close to finished parts as possible to reduce processing. DFMA Minimize the number of parts: Minimizing the number of parts directly affects the final cost of the product. By minimizing the number of parts Product quality, flexibility and reliability of the product is increased. The fewer parts a product has the fewer chances of misalignment. DFMA Minimize the number of fasteners: Fasteners increase the complexity of a particular product, thereby increasing its weight and cost. Dfma main aim is to eliminate the fasteners and include self aligning features into a part. If fasteners are needed in a part then its better off using self tapping screws DFMA standardize: Standardization is a phenomenon which requires increase in communication between different design teams working on a complex product. The more standard products an engineer uses for manufacturing of a product the less number of tools are required and it gradually decreases the cost for production. The best method is to create a list of various standard parts available for each project. In order to smooth the progress of the standard parts, the design and manufacturing team should make the most of the different resources such as trade magazines, various vender catalogs and various part manuals. DFMA modular sub-assemblies: With the help of modular designs, the identification of problems becomes easier by reducing the number of parts. Maintenance and serviceability of a product also increases by using modular assemblies. By designing parts as independent modules times for disassembly are reduced thereby decreasing the overall repair time. DFMA Using stack assemblies: Stack assembly is stacking up the components of an assembly from bottom to top. The main purpose of using stack assemblies is it requires less reorientation of parts which leads to speeding up the assembly process, which thereby decreases the cost for assembly. DFMA self locating features: The use of Self aligning parts speeds up the assembly process. Self aligning parts dont need any kind of adjustment or re-orientation. The more the self aligning parts present in a product assembly the much easier it is for an assembly worker to assemble the product. Different types of self aligning parts are washers, ball bearings, roller bearings. DFMA simplifies and optimizes the manufacturing process : Minimization of manufacturing process reduces the direct and overhead costs. While designing a production process a designers main aim should be on various factors like Smooth flowing of materials. Using various processes than can easily be controlled. Separating different operation (like manual and automated ) DFMA Eliminate Interfaces: Eliminating of interfaces is an important phenomenon while assembling of a product. The amount of interfaces increases the cost of an assembly. Each interface present on the part increases the time for assembly as it requires double the amount of information. DFMA Part Interchangeability: Interchangeability is a phenomenon where similar parts are used for manufacturing of a product that can be interchanged. This phenomenon reduces the number of parts used for an assembly which leads to a decrease in assembly time and costs. While using interchangeability left and right handed parts should be avoided because they create confusion which directly leads to increase in time. DFMA Design Tolerances to Meet Process Capability: Tolerances are such parameters of a part which tend to complicate the design. If a tight tolerance has been specified for a particular part, other process such as inspection or fixturing has to be done. Which gradually increase the overall cost of a product and also time is wasted. They fore a designer during the design process should understand the manufacturing and suppler capacity while specifying different tolerance to make sure that tight tolerances are necessary DFMA Minimizes parts for interconnections: Interconnected parts are flexible parts which are used to connect two parts in an assembly. Interconnected parts are prone to get damaged when compared to other parts. When harnesses are used in an assembly of a product always ensures that we are using distinctive connectors for a simple reason to avoid the connectors being misaligned DFMA Determines Capabilities of each Process Step: Process capability can be defined as an ability of an process to produce within a suitable specification. When the correct process capabilities of a particular deign are determined, it also helps the design team by giving them some valuable information from which they could choose a simple technology and a simple sequence. Which directly decreases the costs for assembly and gradually the time for production is also decreased. Eliminate multiple solder and cleaning steps: The more processes one uses in manufacturing of a product the more are its risks, costs and potential for delays. Production engineers use DFMA to minimize the processing technologies used in the manufacturing process. The more the number of technologies the greater are the chances for various errors and part malfunction. Eliminating adjustments: Minor adjustments only affects the look of the product, but it does not affect the functionally of the product whereas the major adjustments have a major affect on the functioning process of the product. Adjustments are normally complicated process which involves huge costs. Elimination adjustments could also include replacement of parts in the assembly. WHY DFMA Dfma can be used as the basis for engineering studies and thereby provide a guidance for the design team to simplify the existing product, reduce its manufacturing and assembly costs. It can also be used as a benchmarking tool to study competitors and to quantify manufacturing and the difficulties that arise during assemblies One can also use Dfma as it â€Å"should-cost† tool to help validate design concepts, provide cost predictions, and to negotiate suppliers bids and contracts. The main purpose to use dfma is Dfma also helps us to keep various aspects in mind during the manufacturing and assembling a product. Materials Is material that we are going to use available in standard stock configuration. Is material well-suited with the most desirable manufacturing process. Is the material available from reliable sources. Do material prices fluctuate widely over time. Are special alloys and exotic materials used only for environmental or functional demands. Product Assembly Are tolerance dimensions realistic. Is marking and stenciling defined and visible. Are assembly notes complete and definitive. Is internal wiring layout critical? If so, is the location and routing specified? Is harness development required? If so, can the harness be fabricated outside the unit and installed as a subassembly. Does the design lend itself to automated assembly. Are component parts accessible for assembly. Can testing be performed without disassembling the unit. Are standard connectors and assembly hardware used. Are circuit cards, if used, designed to plug in. Has the assembly been analyzed to meet electrical, thermal, vibration, and shock Specifications. Can printed circuit flex cable or moulded ribbon be used in place of hard wiring. Can plastic tie-wraps be used in place of lacing or spot ties. HOW DFMA Designers do not enter a new design situation as newcomers or novices. Through education and practice they have acquired a vast repertoire of design solutions, which they will carry over the design task at hand (PASMAN, 2003).All these experiences are due to the result of several situation mistakes, improvement opportunities or just real good new ideas acquired due to development and research on design area. A good engineer must know what happens in his factory in a detail level that can permit an assembly to be done and an injected part to be extracted and also must know were the assembled parts are and the injected material should be in the correct geometry. These means two different conflicting conditions. The designer cannot stay in his area ignoring what is happening around and the designer must know his tasks perfectly to justify his work position. The question remains, is it possible to be in simultaneously in the factory and in the design office? FERREIRA and TOLEDO (2002) say so and suggested how using the technique of Design for Manufacture and Assembly is possible to â€Å"hear the voice of the production line† and been virtually near to the information. BUSS et al. (2001) agreed with this point of view, saying that the DFMA allows bring to the project area the considerations related to the assembly and manufacturability of the product. Finally FAGADE and KAZMER (1998) defended that the most significant advantage of DFMA is the encouragement of the teamwork between project and production, improving the reliability of the final product and generating the possibility of cost/time to deliver reductions due decreasing in the parts number and/or more productive parts that can accelerate processes. WHAT TO HAVE DFMA: First of all we need to understand the project with DFMA techniques. For this is important to define the product conception as a task of multiple responsibility, from the conceptual sketch to the packed assembly delivered there are many operations and actions that need to be considered. Thus in accordance with the key points the total chain of the process is to be defined in an clear form from one (process) to another to provide or receive services/pre-processes Also is essential to let all teams warned that the project is designed for manufacture and assembly and this means that all attention is focused in a development for that condition and this means that the manufacture must be heard all time. To achieve all this, there should be efficient communication, efficient information, translation of data is the basic requirements on a DFMA driven development. WHEN DFMA: Whats the correct time to carry on a Dfma driven project? CAPUCHO et al. (1997) adopted after observe the behaviour of multidisciplinary teams that the local rework caused by an activity with adverse results is much smaller then a global restructuring of a project also, a global reproject may be impossible due costs (according to HARTLEY and OKAMOTO (1992)) the inclusion of a change in a running project is more expansive as more is close to the project end or due other factors as time and market expectations. So, once the projects main activities are defined the doing them is a good option irrespective of their order of development. Mistakes, adverse results and budget can less compromise the project running timetable. Which technology: According to BOOTHROYD (2001) the rising sophistication in the use of moulded injection plastics. Injection moulding is an important tool to win the battle of reduces parts to save costs and creates an elegant design. Based on the literature present and other articles researched by the groups of teams on plastic injection acquired by work and development in other lines (refrigerators and washing machines), where plastics are used in a very large scale,It was decided to try a solution using injection of thermoplastics. This was a risky decision. First of all the temperature limitations on a plastic material are more severe than in a metal limits also include the possibility of deformations, flowing and resistance downgrade. After that, a running and deployed solution give some comfort to the project designers and all of other teams: the new idea was offering a possibility of assembly improvement and a bundled possibility of fail, this means that for some parts of the workgroup the manufacturability advantages were not good enough to release the change in short words that was to develop a substitute part to improve a good working assembly to give some help to line and to reduce costs, with a low, but existent, possibility of further problem. Case studies of companies that used DFMA software Product: Motorcycles Company: Harley Davidson General goals: Identify the total costs (make design, material, process) and by making some substitutions to have an impact on cost. Improve the overall cost predictability of the product to meet the desired revenue and costs targets Method: Engineers of Harley and the suppliers team up and the cad models of each part are loaded into the dfma software. Dfma software generates cost information that gives rise to various discusiions on cost, labour rate , process materials etc. A motorcycle frame was designed which was to cut down the costs by 70 dollars . before the manufacturing of the new frame Harley Davidson analysed various departments in DFMA like material cost , operating efficiency, plant cost. The software predicted that the current frame costs within 0.5%. Frame of Harley Davidson motorcycle Then the new frame was analysed in DFMA software, the company found out that the new frame would cost 7 dollars more than the old frame (not dollars 70 less as they had anticipated). Harley Davidson was glad to discover this before they went into production and they researched various other areas for cost savings, before the bike was launched. Product: Microwave Company: whirlpool General goals : To reduce the costs inside the plant Generate a good slim design. Simplify or eliminate assembly processes. Method: Teams were developed which consisted of all types of engineers (mechanical, electrical, technicians, air ventilation designers. The teams closely observed all the video tapes of the assembly line of the current microwave to spot the different weak or awkward operations. Teams structured a bill of materials and saw how the product was assembled or in what order it would assemble before crating a prototype of the model. Engineers used DFMA and prepared a performance matrix in which they could evaluate the easiest and the awkward assembly operations. In the original design, the worker had to turn the chassis over to install the door spring, and then turn it back over to do the rest of the operation. With the help of dfma the engineers can to a conclusion to have the spring in the front of the oven, so that there was no need to turn the chassis to install the spring. With the help of DFMA analysis whirlpool had the following results. 29% part reduction was achieved . 106 parts for the new oven, versus 150, this was more than expected. Many of the reduced parts were fasteners, cutting assembly time 26% Standardized cabling across product lines, creating immediate assembly and part savings Payback time was 6 months Product: Gourmet coffeemaker Goals: High standards of coffe tate Uniform coffe saturation Temperature control Weight of the design is less Efficient design for best retail price. Company Access group is one of the leading distributor and manufactures of a comprehensive range of durable products, which include water treatment and air filtration systems and most importantly an award winning coffee maker. Which we are going to discuss in this case study. Two years ago access business group wanted to design an high end coffee maker to support their own line of water filters and gourmet coffees. According to access business group their main was to build a coffee maker which is stream lined and an efficient machine and they achieved their objectives with the help of design for manufacture and assembly software. Using DFMA analysis: The major aim of DFMA analysis was to determine the minimum number of parts for this design. With the help of DFMA the design engineers could reposition the motor much closer to the power and a bit higher on the machine. This phenomenon was achieved due to the reduction in the number of parts. Most companies now a days gives higher priority to the look of a product, designers of gourmet decided to replace the existing motor with a new sleek and a less power motor thereby saving the costs. Manufacturing of the coffe maker using DFMA involves three stage Bill of materials Middle product development Fine tuning of the design Design for assembly consists of an index Colum which shows the results or the rating of the design. As the time taken for assembly, costs for the assembly and when the parts are consolidated or omitted the index number rises. The table present below indicates how DFMA software helped kahve coffee maker to reduce the part count, cost and assembly time. Kahve coffee maker DFMA Round 1 DFMA Round 2 DFMA Round 3

Implications of Information Technology on LAPD Essay

Los Angeles is one of the cities in the United States, in the year 2010; the city is approximated to have a population of four million people, with an area of four hundred and sixty eight square miles. In 1869, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was created to serve the area. Currently, LAPD is the third most prevalent police department in the United States. The police force faces an array of challenges Corwin, (2004), these includes governance, financial constraints, resource allocations, sustainable evidence gathering and storage, crime detections and operational priorities. Brief background of the organization Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has been in the forefront in innovative techniques in an effort to fight crime, the technological systems proposed to be adopted by LAPD, takes into consideration the implementations which are currently in place. LAPD has adopted several Information Technology centered techniques which includes remote camera surveillance system, automatic license plate-recognition system, computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system and facial-recognition software. The information Technology driven approaches adopted by LAPD have had strategic implications on the performance of the police department Chu, (2001), considering the diverse challenges encountered by the police force; the technologies are also envisioned to offer a competitive edge, to the police force in fighting crime. The report considers and evaluates the strategic implications of information technology in the police force in future. Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has been cooperating with several partners in implementation information technology driven solutions to fight crime. Over the past the department has utilized Information Technology in gathering watertight evidence in criminal cases and gaining public trust, the phased implementation of installation of video cameras in one thousand six hundred cars, to serve more than twelve thousand officers, to cost approximately $25 million is evidenced highlight of the utilization of Information Communication Technology. Northrop Grumman has long history with the American armed forces, the company was contracted in the year 1996 to plan and construct the Los Angeles Police Department Emergency Command Control and Communications System with subsidiary self-sufficient emergency dispatch centers, the project lasted for five years. With diverse experience, they have assisted the police to deploy computer-aided dispatch (CAD) the police boast of Emergency Communication System which integrates CommandPoint(tm) Mobile applications from Northrop Grumman and computer-aided dispatch (CAD) Discussion of Current Business Issues Governance has been a business challenge in the United States police force, Los Angeles inclusive. There has been a mix up in roles and responsibilities of the police officers, where at times the states have had mixed hierarchies confounded by bureaucratic empires and fiefdoms. Furthermore, there have been a massive amount of units, which has complicated the crime fighting due to diverse hierarchy of reporting structures. The current business environment calls for paradigm shift to increase accountability and transparency. Governance in the police force has also been an issue in waning public confidence, the current business environment favors self perpetuating oligarchy, this call for implementation of systems that favor accountability to the public. As regards financial expenditure in the police force, the police have over the years been consumers of tax, without resultant direct creation of wealth. Business wise, the police force have been viewed as liabilities to the tax payers, the fact that criminals have been advancing in technology calls for a rejoinder in form of technological advancement from the police quarters, this comes with increased expenditure. Moreover, the area covered by the Los Angeles police department is wide, with the ever increasing population means that the financial expenditure rises with time, however, the prevailing economic situations means that there are several competing needs for the funds available; this has curtailed monies allocated to the police department. The business environment also involves utilization of resources. Human resources, which in this case involves police officers and Information Communication Technology staff are the essential resources in the LAPD, currently, the legendary system requires the police department to have trained personnel to manage the network infrastructure. The systems also have the police department utilizing its own network link, which is very expensive in terms of maintenance as well as the regular training of officers as argued by Glenn, (2003), to update on the latest encryption techniques, so as to maintain the integrity of data. A crucial examination of the duties and responsibilities of all the officers has at times generated duplication of responsibilities, with several officers dedicated to supervisory duties rather than in directly fighting crime, therefore the roles of the officers have to be defined and the human resource streamlined to meet the customer demands, which in this case, is the public. The biggest challenge however has been escalating crime and solution lies in effectively detecting and avoiding crime. Some researchers have argued that senior police officers condone the practices associated with fiddling the figures, â€Å"Cooking the Books† also referred as gaming, to portray crime levels as decreasing, by techniques such as cuffing, stitching, skewing, nodding. The business issues are weakness in terms of evidence to charge suspects, where suspects have escaped judgment due to weak evidence mechanism, Joycelyn, (2008). Moreover, with the escalating number of criminals, officers have at time had to rely of the strength of their memories to remember all the suspects, in addition some suspects may be available in the police departments’ database, but the officers may not be able to access the data while in the field. There is therefore a need of a system which can capture and sustain evidence, while assisting the officers identify criminals hence improving security in Los Angeles. Another current issue is the operational priorities challenge where the priorities of the police force have been diversified and not in agreement with the Peelian principles, which lays emphasis on protection of life and property and the prevention and detection of crime, in this case anything else is a distraction. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has faced the challenge of operational priorities, where the systems being utilized have demanded the officers to concentrate on maintaining the systems; there is therefore need to implement a system which fosters Peelian principles. The current business environment has therefore a myriad of challenges, the police at all times are expected to have a strategic competitive advantage over their competitor – the criminals. The police have to adopt a paradigm shift which invilves adoption and implementation of Information Technology driven solutions, the application of not only creativity but also imagination in the approach to its adoption gives credence to the common caution to innovators that you cannot use yesterday’s tool for today’s job and expect to be in business tomorrow. With respect to Los Angeles Police Department, , LAPD cannot afford to keep using traditional methodology of detecting and fighting crime and expected to beat the criminals who are advancing with technology. Discussion of Proposed Solution The proposed solution lies in total implementation of the Emergency Communication System which integrates CommandPoint(tm) Mobile applications and computer-aided dispatch (CAD). The implementation of CommandPoint Mobile interfaces acts as a link between the command centre and the field units, improving access to the latest information by the field officers while fostering exchange of information, between the field officers, command centre and other interested police forces within the United States, such as the detectives and crime busters. The envisioned solution should in addition encompass remote camera surveillance which posses’ intelligent video competence to tenuously recognize and scrutinize apprehensive occurrences, when illegal actions transpire the police officers can be alerted. The automatic license plate-recognition system (PlateScan) involves patrol vehicles fitted with video cameras and mobile data computer, where the scanned license plates are systematically compared with existent data in databases incase the vehicle may be of need to the law enforcers. The facial-recognition software works in concord with camera surveillance system to scrutinize the captured images of human faces, then quickly and accurately judge against images contained in the database, these video cameras are deployed in patrol vehicles. This is envisaged to address the problem of identification of suspects, since suspects can be identified in shorter times. To interconnect the several disperse officers in the field, LAPD’s Information and Communications Services Bureau adopted, it is proposed that the officers utilize public network to decrease costs while improving security by increasing coverage, using public network also reduces the human resource constraint the network shall have, since the police shall not have to maintain their own network, neither to they have to maintain the network. With the implementation of the automated field reporting system and Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD), the need for mobile communication with high speed broadband was imminent, the legendary system was restricted to certain areas, while operating in low speeds of 19. Kilo bits per second, the proposed solution is to consider the existent LAPD installed Sprint Data Link where the patrol vehicles are fitted an antenna connected to an EV-DO Sierra Wireless 595 connection card in a Dell D610 laptops installed with Windows XP operating system SP2, 1 GB of RAM, a DVD drive, and an 80 GB hard disk, the police can easily access databases, crime-analysis data, photographs, fingerprints, reports and mapping data,. The fact that Sprint is a private network calls for need to increment the security measures. The proposed solution includes utilization of registered modems by the officers to avoid unauthorized access to the network; this is fostered by end-to-end encryption as well as the providers’ authentication server. Computer Aided Dispatch in combination with the proposals above provides the officers indispensable wide source of information for strategic decision making. The utilization of information technology has been fostered further by Bluetooth fingerprint scanners; currently the scanners are limited in application. However, it is proposed that every patrol vehicle to be equipped with fingerprint scanners, such that persons with clean history cannot be subjected to suspicious arrests, this addresses the issue of arbitrary arrests therefore improving the customer image of the police force, furthermore, the devices to be utilized by the officers should be GPS capable therefore the police can accurately determine locations and positions with precision. The utilization of a private mobile broadband network is intentioned to reduce the costs associated with network access since utilizes high speeds, with minimal costs, furthermore, officers are relieved the duties of maintaining the network. The laptops have to preserve the image determined for mission critical systems to guarantee dependability and security with minimal downtime without dependence on Information Communication Technology personnel; this requires the deployment of Anti-Executable and Deep Freeze as a comprehensive solution on the MDC laptops. Deep Freeze allows the users to promptly reboot the laptop to return it to its original Configuration, this has avoided the need to substitute the laptops when a problem occurs. This is in addition to Anti-Executable’s whitelist technology which standardizes the operating environment by regulating the programs installable. This has been adopted to reduce the number of personnel required to keep the systems in performance mode, therefore addressing governance challenges. The proposed solution is not immune of challenges, considering that the operations are in data sensitive environment, the shifting of the computing environment from MDT to MDC denote new software and hardware, this introduces threats and vulnerabilities. Using more than one thousand five hundred laptops and modems introduces new threats and probable software configuration issues. Windows XP is predisposed to external threats such as spyware, viruses, and other malware. The strategic utilization of Information Technology in LAPD The future of LAPD in utilization of Information Technology has great potential. The Department has optional innovations which include empowering police on foot; horseback or bicycle patrols with high-speed data network access by facilitating handheld devices to utilize wireless data cards, the officers can effectively access the data, from the centralized station, without necessarily using patrol vehicles. Furthermore, having high definition video streamed from cameras and patrol cars to a centralized system in the station enables the police to have real-time information of scenarios as they unfold. In addition, the department can integrate GPS information into the dispatch system for mobile resource management. Recommendations Whereas the police department has been faced with an array of challenges such as the large population size and density, the bulky geographical area, and further complicated by the cultural diversity of the residents. Information technology has been extolled as the ultimate solution, while progressing efficiency of the Department. Implementation of the proposed system shall enable the LAPD reduce costs associated with networking, since they shall be utilizing public network and already available software such as Windows XP, Deep Freeze and Anti-Executable. Moreover, the system shall require fewer officers to manage, hence reducing costs while addressing governance challenges by ensuring that officers get access to all the requisite information as and when needed, hence avoiding bureaucracy in accessing information. While fostering the relationship with the customers – the public, the officers shall also be able to detect and deal with crime as it occurs, while getting substantial and immense evidences against criminals. The system also enables the officers to concentrate on their operational priority – fighting crime in Los Angeles. To protect the people of Los Angeles therefore, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) should adopt information technology driven solutions which are anticipated to offer several merits in the next three years and beyond. These strategic impacts of the proposed system are intentioned to have a competitive advantage over criminals, these strategic impacts include enhanced coverage, faster response to emergencies, mapping capabilities and harmonization of communication among the police personnel, connectivity to the investigators and detectives as well as to the entire United States police unit – hence reducing or even eliminating crime in Los Angeles.

The Fundamentals of Best Narrative Essay Topics Revealed

The Fundamentals of Best Narrative Essay Topics Revealed With our assistance, you can steadily enhance your writing skills and confidence. The topics are abstract because thus you might be in a position to locate your own approach better. The whole procedure for visiting the office ought to be described. If you are searching for improving grades, you have arrived at the correct location. Descriptive writing is easy and tough at the identical time, especially if you're a freshman. Composing a terrific narrative paper starts with finding an intriguing topic. Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be helpful for someone who's planning to pay a visit to an office. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Morality Essay Topics Morality is a topic that's near and dear to lots of individuals. Small ideas might communicate larger stories. Picking the correct topic may be a true problem, but we are here in order to get you inspired. The Argument About Best Narrative Essay Topics Stars you wish to meet in real life. Superior essayist should utilize appropriate pacing. The moment once you realized that your very best friend wasn't your very best friend they had been lying to you all along. The writer needs to be in a position to bring an emotional link between the reader and the subject. When you must consider many peculiarities, it's really hard to consider all of them while writing especially once you have tight deadlines and much work to do. Well-written narratives figure out ways to involve the reader rather than simply retelling the events. At times it can be challenging to write really intriguing and exciting essay of the great quality. The objective of samples is to help you reflect on a certain topic and provide the course which will help you finish your essay. Descriptive essay samples can help you with writing a description of sensory details which are an essential portion of descriptive writing. On the 1 hand, our descriptive essay outline sample will offer you a sense of the vital sections and portions of a descriptive essay. You may also determine from the essay in the event the most important message was relayed to the readers effectively. Since you may see, there's a whole rich selection of topics for writing a narrative essay that may vary greatly. There is an assortment of lists having the most well-known topics for writing all around the web. Find suggestions for your writing. When writing a narrative essay, it's important to keep in mind that the reader needs to be involved in the story. The reader should receive the notion of the entire essay from the introduction. There's more than 1 way to compose a narrative essay. It is not only a summary of your experience, but it also gives your thoughts on the background you are depicting and enables your reader to come up with a conclusion. A narrative essay is believed to be among the most popular varieties of tasks that students get all too often. A superb narrative essay should capture the interest of your readers.

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